Canadian critical care nurses experiences on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Recent pandemics have provided important lessons to inform planning for public health emergencies. Despite these lessons, gaps in implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic are evident. Additionally, research to inform interventions to support the needs of front-line nurses during a prolonged pandemic are lacking. We aimed to gain an understanding of critical care nurses' perspectives of the ongoing pandemic, including their opinions of their organization and governments response to the pandemic, to inform interventions to improve the response to the current and future pandemics. METHODS: This sub-study is part of a cross-sectional online survey distributed to Canadian critical care nurses at two time points during the pandemic (March-May 2020; April-May 2021). We employed a qualitative descriptive design comprised of three open-ended questions to provide an opportunity for participants to share perspectives not specifically addressed in the main survey. Responses were analyzed using conventional content analysis. RESULTS: One hundred nine of the 168 (64.9%) participants in the second survey responded to the open-ended questions. While perspectives about effectiveness of both their organization's and the government's responses to the pandemic were mixed, most noted that inconsistent and unclear communication made it difficult to trust the information provided. Several participants who had worked during previous pandemics noted that their organization's COVID-19 response failed to incorporate lessons from these past experiences. Many respondents reported high levels of burnout and moral distress that negatively affected both their professional and personal lives. Despite these experiences, several respondents noted that support from co-workers had helped them to cope with the stress and challenges. CONCLUSION: One year into the pandemic, critical care nurses' lived experiences continue to reflect previously identified challenges and opportunities for improvement in pandemic preparedness and response. These findings suggest that lessons from the current and prior pandemics have been inadequately considered in the COVID-19 response. Incorporation of these perspectives into interventions to improve the health system response, and support the needs of critical care nurses is essential to fostering a resilient health workforce. Research to understand the experience of other front-line workers and to learn from more and less successful interventions, and leaders, is needed.

Canadian intensive care nurses’ infection prevention and control adherence and institutional trust: An update 1-year into the pandemic

Background: Nurses are key healthcare workers whose adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) measures is integral to the prevention of nosocomial spread of SARS-COV-2. Institutional trust is an important correlate of adherence. After initially surveying nurses early in 2020, we sought to evaluate how perceptions of IPC measures and institutional trust changed one year into the pandemic. Methods: We adapted an internationally distributed cross-sectional questionnaire, incorporating validated scales for items including institutional trust, and distributed it by email and Slack via the Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses between April 29 and May 28, 2021. We evaluated adherence to IPC protocols, barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, and respondents’ level of institutitonal trust and compared results across the two time periods. Results: 141 nurses responded to the survey. In 2021, respondents reported lower rates of fear of becoming ill and providing care for patients with COVID-19 (T = 3.83, p = < 0.001). They reported higher levels of skill (T = 3.57, p < 0.001) and continued to report similarly high levels of professional expectations compared to 2020 (T = 0.85, p = 0.39). However, institutional trust dropped in 2021 (T = 4.31, p < 0.001), particularly in national and regional governmental trust. Interpretation: Respondents demonstrated less trust in national and regional governments compared to respondents in 2020, although they reported less overall concern for themselves and their families, and higher skills and knowledge around IPC procedures. Canadian nurses continue to have strong beliefs in the utility of PPE and IPC procedures, and strong social and professional expectations to adhere to IPC measures.

Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding of the role of children in COVID-19 transmission has significant implications for school and childcare policies, as well as appropriate targeting of vaccine campaigns. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission to other children and adults. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were electronically searched for articles published before March 31, 2021. Studies of child-to-child and child-to-adult transmission and quantified the incidence of index and resulting secondary attack rates of children and adults in schools, households, and other congregate pediatric settings were identified. All articles describing confirmed transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child were included. PRISMA guidelines for data abstraction were followed, with each step conducted by two reviewers. RESULTS: 40 of 6110 articles identified met inclusion criteria. Overall, there were 0.8 secondary cases per primary index case, with a secondary attack rate of 8.4% among known contacts. The secondary attack rate was 26.4% among adult contacts versus 5.7% amongst child contacts. The pooled estimate of a contact of a pediatric index case being infected as secondary case was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Children transmit COVID-19 at a lower rate to children than to adults. Household adults are at highest risk of transmission from an infected child, more so than adults or children in other settings.

COVID-19 infection prevention and control procedures and institutional trust: Perceptions of Canadian intensive care and emergency department nurses.

PURPOSE: Healthcare workers must ensure effective infection prevention and control (IPC) to prevent nosocomial spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This questionnaire study aims to evaluate Canadian critical care and emergency department nurses' readiness to follow IPC guidelines in their workplace, and to understand their perceptions of trust in organizational preparedness, communication, and infection risk. METHODS: We adapted an internationally distributed survey for the Canadian context. This cross-sectional questionnaire, incorporating validated scales for items including institutional trust, was distributed by email to nurses via the Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses and the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians networks between 16 March and 25 May 2020. We evaluated intensive care unit and emergency department nurses' adherence to IPC protocols, barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, and their level of institutitonal trust. RESULTS: Three hundred and nineteen nurses responded to the survey. There was higher trust in organizational preparedness among nurses who were older (B = 0.31, P < 0.001) and more experienced (F = 18.09, P < 0.001), and particularly among those with previous experience working in outbreak settings (F = 7.87, P = 0.005). Compared with those without experience working in outbreak settings, respondents with this experience reported higher levels of fear of becoming ill and fear of providing care for COVID-19 patients (χ2 = 21.48, P = 0.002 and χ2 = 12.61, P = 0.05, respectively). Older and more experienced nurses reported greater comfort with IPC skills and easier access to personal protective equipment. While the vast majority (96%) of respondents reported using masks and gloves, only 83% had access to isolation facilities for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSION: Canadian nurses had strong self-reported adherence to IPC measures and personal protective equipment use. There were high levels of trust in health system leadership to ensure protective measures are present and reliable. Trust was particularly high among older and more experienced nurses despite these populations reporting higher levels of fear of personal illness.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les travailleurs de la santé doivent assurer l'efficacité de la prévention et du contrôle des infections (PCI) pour prévenir la propagation nosocomiale du SRAS-CoV-2, le virus qui cause la COVID-19. Cette étude sous forme de questionnaire vise à évaluer le degré de préparation des infirmières et infirmiers des services d'urgence et de soins intensifs canadiens à suivre les lignes directrices de la PCI sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi qu'à comprendre leur degré de confiance dans la préparation, la communication et le risque d'infection au niveau de l'organisation. MéTHODE: Nous avons adapté un sondage distribué à l'échelle internationale au contexte canadien. Ce questionnaire sectoriel, incorporant des échelles validées pour des éléments tels que la confiance institutionnelle, a été distribué par courriel aux infirmières et infirmiers par l'entremise de l'Association canadienne des infirmiers/infirmières en soins intensifs et des réseaux de l'Association canadienne des médecins d'urgence entre le 16 mars et le 25 mai 2020. Nous avons évalué l'adhésion du personnel infirmier des unités de soins intensifs et des services d'urgence aux protocoles de la PCI, les obstacles et les facilitateurs à l'observance des lignes directrices de la PCI, ainsi que leur niveau de confiance institutionnelle. RéSULTATS: Trois cent dix-neuf infirmières et infirmiers ont répondu au questionnaire. Il y avait une plus grande confiance dans la préparation organisationnelle chez les infirmières et infirmiers plus âgés (B = 0,31, P < 0,001) et plus expérimentés (F = 18,09, P < 0,001), et en particulier parmi celles et ceux qui avaient déjà travaillé dans des contextes d'éclosion (F = 7,87, P = 0,005). Comparativement à celles et ceux qui n'ont pas d'expérience dans des contextes d'éclosion, les répondant(e)s avec expérience ont signalé des niveaux plus élevés de peur de tomber malade et de peur de fournir des soins aux patients atteints de la COVID-19 (χ2 = 21,48, P = 0,002 et χ2 = 12,61, P = 0,05, respectivement). Les infirmières et infirmiers plus âgés et plus expérimentés ont déclaré être plus à l'aise avec leurs compétences en PCI et avoir un meilleur accès aux équipements de protection individuelle. Alors que la grande majorité (96 %) des répondant(e)s ont déclaré avoir utilisé des masques et des gants, seulement 83 % avaient accès à des zones d'isolement pour les cas présumés ou confirmés de COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Les infirmières et infirmiers canadiens ont rapporté une forte adhésion aux mesures de la PCI et à l'utilisation des équipements de protection individuelle. Il y avait un niveau élevé de confiance dans le leadership du système de santé pour s'assurer que les mesures de protection étaient présentes et fiables. La confiance était particulièrement élevée chez le personnel infirmier plus âgé et plus expérimenté, bien les niveaux de peur d'être personnellement atteint de la maladie étaient plus élevés pour ces infirmières et infirmiers.

Clinician-researcher's perspectives on clinical research during the COVID19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: The outcome of well-performed clinical research is essential for evidence-based patient management during pandemics. However, conducting clinical research amidst a pandemic requires researchers to balance clinical and research demands. We seek to understand the values, experiences, and beliefs of physicians working at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to inform clinical research planning. We aim to understand whether pandemic settings affect physician comfort with research practices, and how physician experiences shape their understanding of research in a pandemic setting. METHODS: A survey tool was adapted to evaluate familiarity and comfort with research during a pandemic. A cross-sectional, online questionnaire was distributed across Canadian research networks early in the COVID-19 outbreak. The survey was administered between March 11th and 17th, 2020, during a time of local transmission but prior to the surge of cases. We aimed to recruit into the survey physicians in infectious disease and critical care research networks across Canada. RESULTS: Of the 133 physician respondents, 131 (98%) considered it important to conduct clinical research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents were more accepting of adaptations to the research process in during a pandemic compared to in a non-pandemic setting, including conducting research with deferred consent (χ2 = 8.941, 95% CI: -0.264, -0.085, p = 0.003), using non-identifiable observational data with a waiver of consent with a median score of 97 out of 100 (IQR: 79.25-100) vs median 87 out of 100 (IQR: 63-79) (95% CI: -12.43, 0.054, p = 0.052). The majority felt that research quality is not compromised during pandemics. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians consider it important to conduct research during a pandemic, highlighting the need to expedite research activities in pandemic settings. Respondents were more accepting of adaptations to the research process for research conducted during a pandemic, compared to that conducted in its absence of a pandemic.